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The key players of adaptive cellular immune responses are T lymphocytes in general and, for the effector function, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in particular.

Cytotoxic T Cells

Cytotoxic T cells, also known as CD8+ T cells, are key immune cells that target and destroy infected or cancerous cells. They play a vital role in the adaptive immune response by recognizing specific antigens presented on MHC class I molecules.

Identification and Activation

These cells express T-cell receptors (TCRs) that bind to antigen-MHC complexes on target cells, such as those infected by viruses or bacteria. 

Activation occurs with help from cytokines like IL-2 from helper T cells, leading to clonal expansion.

Tailored Solutions

They combat intracellular pathogens, contribute to tumor surveillance, and are central to immunotherapies like CAR-T cell treatments. In infections like hepatitis B, they clear infected cells but can cause tissue damage if overactive.

Killing Mechanisms

Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and granzymes from lytic granules, forming pores in the target cell membrane to induce apoptosis. They also use Fas ligand to trigger programmed cell death and secrete cytokines like IFN-γ to inhibit viral replication.






These cells express T-cell receptors (TCRs) that bind to antigen-MHC complexes on target cells, such as those infected by viruses or bacteria. Activation occurs with help from cytokines like IL-2 from helper T cells, leading to clonal expansion. We offer cutting-edge products and services to tackle modern challenges. Leveraging the latest technology, we help you achieve your goals.